English Lesson 2(Conditional)

0 conditional

If+ present simple or imperative

We use the 0 conditional to talk about situations wich are always true. It has the same meaning as when, whenever, or every time in such sentences

Every day situations

My eyes hurt if I spend too long on the computer

Scientifics parts

If you mix blue and yelow, you get green

Instructions if+ imperative

If you don't know the answer make an intellegent guess

1^st Conditional

If+ present simple, will+ infinitive without to

Use: to describe what may possible happen

A first conditional describes a real or likely situation. A present tense is used after if but the times refered to is the future. Will/ won't are common in the result clause.

If you fall , I won't be able to catch you!

This means that there's a real possibility this will happen.

Going to can be used instead of will.

If it rains we're going to get wet

The modal verb can is also common in first conditional sentences.

If the cases are too heavy. I can help you carry them

Unless, provide, as long as.

Unless-if not

Unless you leave at once, I'll call the police

If you don't leave at once, I'll call the police.

Provided – On the condition that

Provided you leave now, you will cath the train

With the imperative.

It's common to use the imperative instead of if.

Get me some cigarretes and I'll pay you later.

With should

We can use should instead of if in a conditional sentence. It means if by any chance... and makes the action less likely .

Should you see John, can you give him a message?

When

We use when for things wich are sure to happen.

I'm going shopping this afternoon. When I go shopping I'll buy some food.

2^nd Conditional

If+ past simple, would+ infinitive without to

A second conditional describes an unreal or imaginary situation.

If you fell, you would hurt yourself

This means that there's a small possibility that this will happen . The situation and its result are imagined.

The modal verbs might and could are common in 2^nd conditional.

If you became a millionary you might be unhappy

Were

Were is often used instead of wsain formal language.

If I were taller , I'd join the basket ball team

Were to

Were to is an another way of expressing

If they were to offer me the job , Id' turn it down

3^rd conditional

If+ past perfect , would/ might/ could have + past participle

With if:

A third conditional describes an unreal or imaginary situation in the past .

If John had studied more, he would have got better marks

This means that John didn't study more. A past situations , different to the one that really happened is imagined.

The modal verbs might and could are common in this kind of sentences.

If you had tried harder , you might have succeeded

Mixed conditional

If+ past perfect, would+ infinitive without to

Combination of a second and third conditional. They can express an imaginary past event and a possible o probable present result.

If you had listened to my advice , you would not be in this situation now

English Lesson 1 (Modal Verbs)

1. LESSON

Today we will learn modal verb present and past

I will send you exercices, and at the end a short review of modal verbs that you can consult.

Modal verbs:

• AbIlIty - Can and be able to .

Can like all modal verbs cannot be used in an infinitive or continuous form. We use be able to in situation where we need this forms. (Bütün modal verb'ler gibi mastar ve sürekli form burada da kullanılamaz. Bu durumda "be able to" yapısı kullanılır.)

Ex. I 'd like to be able to swim . Not being able to swim is annoying

that can , is only in present and in past ( could ), if you can't use can in other forms, you have to use be able . you can't say you will can see the mountains.

I have to use "to" or not ?

Yes. You have to use

Ex. I will be able to run

• Certainty and uncertainty- Must and Can’t

These words have a meaning relating to certainty . They're used to make deductions . This is when we're sure or almost sure about something because it is logical. This usage is specially common with the verb BE

Ex. You must be tired after your long journey ( I'm sure you're)

That Can't be Sue. She's in Brazil (I'm sure it's not possible)

• May/Might and Could

This words allow express uncertainty or possibility . Could is not used with Not in this context.

Ex. I might go out. I don't know.

This possibility or permission ?

Means perhaps , maybe .

• should and ought to

These words are both used for obligation, but they have also the meaning related to certainty They're used when we expect that something will happen .

Ex. Brenda Should be home by now (I expect that she is)

OBLIGATION

• Must and Have to .

Must is used when the speaker personally feels something is important and Have to, is used when the situation make something necessary.

Ex. You must start working harder

You have to turn left here (is the law)

• MUSN'T AND DON'T HAVE TO

Musn't describes something wich is prohibited, Don't have to describes something wich is not necessary .

Ex. You mustn't leave now (is not allowed)

You don't have to leave now ( it's not necesary, you have a choice )

• SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

These words have the same meaning , They're used to say what is the bes thing to do,They can be used to give some advice an opinion, instrucctions , etc

We should do something different for our holidays this year

I think you should see a doctor. You ought not to smoke if you 're pregnant.

• HAD BETTER

This phrase gives strong advice about how to stop something going wrong. It can refer present or future.

Ex. I think you had better leave now. You had better not drive .

second part

MODAL VERB PAST

• Ability- Could and Was able to

To talk about general past ability we use could .

EX. When I was youngI could run very fast

To talk about one specific past action we use was able to

This is generaly or for a time ?

For a time, specific you have to use was able to

Like this example. Luckily Mary was able to help us .

• MUST HAVE AND CAN'T HAVE

These are used to make logical deductions about past actions.

Ex. I must have left my wallet in the car (I'm sure I did )

Jim can't have noticed you (I'm sure he didn't )

• MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE AND COULD HAVE

These express possibility or uncertainty about past actions

Jean Might have missed the train (perhaps she did )

He may not have recived the letter (perhaps he didn't )

You could have been killed (it was a possiblity )

Might and may are so similar, maybe first is may and after is might and could is a possibilty .

Might is when is lower probability .

• WAS / WERE TO HAVE

This describes something wich was suposed to happen, but didn't it is formal in use.

He was to have left yesterday - this means, he was supposed to leave but he didn't )

MODAL PAST VERB- IN OBLIGATION

• HAD TO

Must has not past form. So we used had to

Ex. Sorry I'm late . I had to take the children to school

The question form is Did you have to ? - Did you have to work yesterday ?

• SHOULD HAVE/ OUGHT TO HAVE

These express the feeling that a mistake was made. There is a criticism.

Ex. I should have posted this letter yesterday. (I didn't do the right thing)

You shouldn't have told me the answer (you were wrong to do so )

• NEEDN'T AND DIDN'T HAVE TO

This is past necessity

• needn't have + past partIcIple

Is used to talk about an action wich is unnecesary

Ex. I needn't have (done) something

This means I did something but now I know that it was not necessary

ex. I needn't have prepared so much food for the party ( and I prepared a lot)

• DIdn't need to + InfInItIve

Is used to talk about an action

I didn't need to..- means it was not necessary for me to do , and I knew this at the time, and I didn't

Ex. I didn't need to get up earlier- so I didn't